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Complex Numbers #1014825 added August 1, 2021 at 12:16am
Restrictions: None
If You Choose Not To Decide, You Still Have Made A Choice
Great... it's Hangover Night and the random numbers give me this one. Oh well, I have no choice but to post it. Just don't expect much in the way of commentary.
Oh hey look, a rare example of the answer to a headline question not being "No."
But because it's philosophy, it's not necessarily a "yes" either.
It isn’t unheard of for philosophers to receive death threats.
Just in case you were thinking, "Oh, I think I'll become a philosopher. Sounds like a nice safe profession."
They argue that our choices are determined by forces beyond our ultimate control – perhaps even predetermined all the way back to the big bang – and that therefore nobody is ever wholly responsible for their actions.
That last bit doesn't necessarily follow from the first bit. Coyne (he gets quoted later in the article) distinguishes between moral responsibility and practical responsibility. But he's a biologist, not a philosopher.
“This sort of free will is ruled out, simply and decisively, by the laws of physics,” says one of the most strident of the free will sceptics, the evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne. Leading psychologists such as Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom agree, as apparently did the late Stephen Hawking, along with numerous prominent neuroscientists, including VS Ramachandran, who called free will “an inherently flawed and incoherent concept” in his endorsement of Sam Harris’s bestselling 2012 book Free Will, which also makes that argument.
This is a rare case of someone whose writings I follow showing up in a major news publication (yes, I consider The Guardian a major news publication). I've linked to Coyne's blog here before, probably mostly for his (to me) decisive takedowns of panpsychism. He's had quite a bit to say on the subject of free will in there, too.
Arguments against free will go back millennia, but the latest resurgence of scepticism has been driven by advances in neuroscience during the past few decades. Now that it’s possible to observe – thanks to neuroimaging – the physical brain activity associated with our decisions, it’s easier to think of those decisions as just another part of the mechanics of the material universe, in which “free will” plays no role.
And this is why it's more than a philosophical question: there's science backing it up. It's also why scientists get to have an informed opinion on the topic. I should note, however, that it's not necessarily settled science.
Arguably, we would be forced to conclude that it was unreasonable ever to praise or blame anyone for their actions, since they weren’t truly responsible for deciding to do them; or to feel guilt for one’s misdeeds, pride in one’s accomplishments, or gratitude for others’ kindness.
"Arguably" is right, because if there is no free will, we also can't help feeling gratitude, guilt, or pride.
The conviction that nobody ever truly chooses freely to do anything – that we’re the puppets of forces beyond our control – often seems to strike its adherents early in their intellectual careers, in a sudden flash of insight. “I was sitting in a carrel in Wolfson College [in Oxford] in 1975, and I had no idea what I was going to write my DPhil thesis about,” Strawson recalled. “I was reading something about Kant’s views on free will, and I was just electrified. That was it.” The logic, once glimpsed, seems coldly inexorable. Start with what seems like an obvious truth: anything that happens in the world, ever, must have been completely caused by things that happened before it. And those things must have been caused by things that happened before them – and so on, backwards to the dawn of time: cause after cause after cause, all of them following the predictable laws of nature, even if we haven’t figured all of those laws out yet. It’s easy enough to grasp this in the context of the straightforwardly physical world of rocks and rivers and internal combustion engines. But surely “one thing leads to another” in the world of decisions and intentions, too. Our decisions and intentions involve neural activity – and why would a neuron be exempt from the laws of physics any more than a rock?
That's about all I'm going to quote from the article because, like I said, hangover. But that last paragraph pretty much sums up the argument; the rest is commentary. And if you're sitting there going "Well, that's utter bullshit," well, I suggest you go to the link and read the whole thing. I mean, I don't blame you -- you can't help it -- but part of who we are is our experiences and memories thereof, all of which contribute to our decisions, including on what to believe and not. And articles are part of those experiences and memories.
I will say this, though: the opposite of "free will" isn't necessarily "determinism;" the article goes into a brief discussion of quantum effects, which are by nature unpredictable. And then there's chaos theory, which has a specific meaning in physics, having to do with the unpredictability of certain systems, such as the weather, past a certain point. And I'm betting the brain is at least as complex as a weather system.
But the most important corollary, in my estimation, has to do with moral responsibility, and the article delves into that at length.
So there it is. Hell of a way to start a new month, but what can I say? I'm a slave to the random number generator.
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